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Over half of this biomass is eaten by whales, seals, penguins, seabirds, squid, and fish each year. Most krill species display large daily vertical migrations, providing food for predators near the surface at night and in deeper waters during the day. Krill are fished commercially in the Southern Ocean and in the waters around Japan.
Krill is a rich source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids which are under development in the early 21st century as human food, dietary supplements as oil capsules, livestock food, and pet food. [10] [11] [12] Most krill is processed to produce fish food for use in aquariums and aquacultures. The krill is sold freeze-dried, either whole or ...
Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of pelagic fish, mostly from the family Scombridae.They are found in both temperate and tropical seas, mostly living along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment.
Forage fish, also called prey fish or bait fish, are small pelagic fish that feed on planktons (i.e. planktivores) and other small aquatic organisms (e.g. krill). They are in turn preyed upon by various predators including larger fish, seabirds and marine mammals , this making them keystone species in their aquatic ecosystems .
[4] [5] For example, a large marine vertebrate may eat smaller predatory fish but may also eat filter feeders; the stingray eats crustaceans, but the hammerhead eats both crustaceans and stingrays. Animals can also eat each other; the cod eats smaller cod as well as crayfish, and crayfish eat cod larvae. The feeding habits of a juvenile animal ...
Their high abundance is a testament to the extreme success of Antarctic krill, the single species with the greatest biomass on the planet. [20] There is little seasonality in their prey preference, but they may target adult and male krill. [2] Other prey items include cephalopods and diverse Antarctic fish species. [2]
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However, Japanese do eat krill, [55] and krill is also used in large quantities by fish farms as feed. [56] Pauly's report also claims that the locations where whales and humans catch fish only overlap to a small degree, and he also considers more indirect effects of whales' diet on the availability of fish for fisheries.