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The Toba eruption (also called the Toba supereruption and the Youngest Toba eruption) was a supervolcanic eruption that occurred about 74,000 years ago, during the Late Pleistocene, [2] at the site of present-day Lake Toba, in Sumatra, Indonesia.
The Toba eruption (the Toba event) occurred at what is now Lake Toba about 73,700±300 years ago. [15] It was the last in a series of at least four caldera-forming eruptions at this location, with the earlier known caldera having formed around 1.2 million years ago. [16]
Lake Toba Caldera: Sunda Arc, Sumatra 2,800 - 5,300 [13] 74 Youngest Toba Tuff [b] 6 Barrier Volcano: Great Rift Valley, Kenya: 10 74 caldera formation 6 Kuttara Hokkaidō > 11 DRE 75 Kt-4 6 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 12.35 80 CA-1a Tephra 6 Bolshoy Semyachik: Kamchatka: 42 80 Bol'shoi Semiachik Caldera II 6 Hakone: Honshū: 10
An archaeological site in Ethiopia has revealed that a population of humans survived the eruption of Sumatra’s Mount Toba 74,000 years ago. One of the largest eruptions in Earth’s history ...
Mount Tambora experienced several centuries of dormancy before 1815, caused by the gradual cooling of hydrous magma in its closed magma chamber. [7] Inside the chamber at depths between 1.5 and 4.5 km (5,000 and 15,000 ft), the exsolution of a high-pressure fluid magma formed during cooling and crystallisation of the magma.
The Year Without a Summer was an agricultural disaster; historian John D. Post called it "the last great subsistence crisis in the Western world". [4] [5] The climatic aberrations of 1816 had their greatest effect on New England, Atlantic Canada, and Western Europe.
Mount Emmons, Mount Hague, and Double Crater are post-caldera cones. [6] The topography of the Basin and Range Province is a result of crustal extension within this part of the North American Plate (rifting of the North American craton or Laurentia from Western North America; e.g. Gulf of California, Rio Grande rift, Oregon-Idaho graben).
Tombstone in the chapel of Filippo e Giacomo, Nosedo, dated to CE 536 (the second year after the consulship of Decius Paulinus). The volcanic winter of 536 was the most severe and protracted episode of climatic cooling in the Northern Hemisphere in the last 2,000 years. [1]