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Forest pathology is the research of both biotic and abiotic maladies affecting the health of a forest ecosystem, primarily fungal pathogens and their insect vectors. [6] [7] It is a subfield of forestry and plant pathology. Forest pathology is part of the broader approach of forest protection.
A 2016 study by Kim et al. investigated the biophysical characteristics of sea water filtration in the roots of the mangrove Rhizophora stylosa from a plant hydrodynamic point of view. R. stylosa can grow even in saline water and the salt level in its roots is regulated within a certain threshold value through filtration.
The word acorn (earlier akerne, and acharn) is related to the Gothic name akran, which had the sense of "fruit of the unenclosed land". [3] The word was applied to the most important forest produce, that of the oak. Chaucer spoke of "achornes of okes" in the 14th century.
Ecosystem diversity addresses the combined characteristics of biotic properties which are living organisms (biodiversity) and abiotic properties such as nonliving things like water or soil (geodiversity). It is a variation in the ecosystems found in a region or the variation in
A number of studies from around the world have found that there is a wide range in the concentrations of C, N, and P in seagrasses depending on their species and environmental factors. For instance, plants collected from high-nutrient environments had lower C:N and C:P ratios than plants collected from low-nutrient environments.
Florida has some 33 animals and 43 plant species rated endangered. [citation needed] They include the Florida panther, the leatherback sea turtle, the West Indian manatee, and the red-cockaded woodpecker. Endangered plants include the bell-flower, scrub plum, Small's milk pea, and the water-willow. [citation needed]
About 60 percent of all vascular plants are found in tropical forests. Mangroves provide breeding grounds and nurseries for numerous species of fish and shellfish and help trap sediments that might otherwise adversely affect seagrass beds and coral reefs, which are habitats for many more marine species. [ 75 ]
Other abiotic sources of disturbances to temperate deciduous forests include droughts, waterlogging, and fires. [15] Natural surface fire patterns are especially important in pine reproduction. [6] Biotic factors affecting forests take the form of fungal outbreaks in addition to mountain pine beetle and bark beetle infestations. [15]