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The amygdala, cerebellum, and many other brain regions have been implicated in autism. [15]Unlike some brain disorders which have clear molecular hallmarks that can be observed in every affected individual, such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease, autism does not have a unifying mechanism at the molecular, cellular, or systems level.
Amygdala (limbic system) (limbic lobe) Central nucleus (autonomic nervous system) Medial nucleus (accessory olfactory system) Cortical and basomedial nuclei (main olfactory system) Lateral and basolateral nuclei (frontotemporal cortical system) Extended amygdala. Stria terminalis. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; Claustrum; Basal ganglia ...
Different underlying brain dysfunctions have been hypothesized to result in the common symptoms of autism, just as completely different brain types result in intellectual disability. [1] [5] In recent years, the prevalence and number of people diagnosed with the disorder have increased dramatically. There are many potential reasons for this ...
Brain fog is a constellation of symptoms that include reduced cognition, inability to concentrate and multitask, as well as loss of short-and long-term memory. Brain fog can be present in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Its prevalence, however, remains unknown. [28]
Autism, or autism spectrum disorder [a] (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive, restricted, and inflexible patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as well as deficits in social communication and social interaction, and the presence of high or low sensory sensitivity.
Human brain in the coronal orientation. Amygdalae are shown in dark red. The amygdala (/ ə ˈ m ɪ ɡ d ə l ə /; pl.: amygdalae / ə ˈ m ɪ ɡ d ə l i,-l aɪ / or amygdalas; also corpus amygdaloideum; Latin from Greek, ἀμυγδαλή, amygdalē, 'almond', 'tonsil' [1]) is a paired nuclear complex present in the cerebral hemispheres of vertebrates.
Central nucleus of the amygdala – the major output nucleus of the amygdala, participates in receiving and processing pain information; Nucleus accumbens – collection of neurons in the pleasure center that is thought to play a role in reward, pleasure, laughter, addiction, aggression, fear, and the placebo effect
The following chapters investigate the biological background of autism and how historically it was claimed to be either the result of direct brain damage or poor parenting and how the practice of diagnostic classification, or nosology, negatively impacted the understanding of children with autism and others on the spectrum.