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Leptospirosis is caused by spirochaete bacteria that belong to the genus Leptospira, which are aerobic, [8] right-handed helical, [13] and 6–20 micrometers long. [7] Like Gram-negative bacteria, Leptospira have an outer membrane studded with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the surface, an inner membrane and a layer of peptidoglycan cell wall.
The cells are thin, about 0.15 μm, and long, between 6-20 μm, with a corkscrew shaped body with spiral or hooked ends. [1] The hooked ends often resemble a question mark, and this is where the name ‘interrogans’ comes from. [12] The periplasmic flagella are crucial to the bacteria's ability to move and survive in specific host cells.
L. interrogans can also obtain iron from heme, which is bound to most of the iron in the human body. The HbpA hemin-binding protein, which may be involved in the uptake of hemin , has been identified on the surface of L. interrogans [ 35 ] Although other pathogenic species of Leptospira and L. biflexa lack HbpA, yet another hemin-binding ...
Leptospirosis can transfer from animals to humans , humans to humans, or animals to animals via intake of contaminated body fluids, such as urine and blood. [7] The disease is normally absorbed through the mucous membranes of another animal or human and is excreted from the body in the urine. [7]
Vitamin D, which helps regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body, is crucial for maintaining bone density, she said, so getting enough is vital. Most people get enough vitamin D ...
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to concepts related to infectious diseases in humans.. Infection – transmission, entry/invasion after evading/overcoming defense, establishment, and replication of disease-causing microscopic organisms (pathogens) inside a host organism, and the reaction of host tissues to them and to the toxins they produce.
When Melissa Lamesch is found dead at home in Mt. Morris, Illinois, on the day before Thanksgiving, authorities zero in on Matthew Plote, a man trained to save lives, not take them.
ACL prevention programs address things like how to land from a jump correctly. If a person is landing flat-footed, the knees may not be bend and could absorb all the shock from the landing ...