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Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a disease caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria, also called Salmonella typhi. [2] [3] Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. [4] [5] Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. [4]
Asymptomatic carriers play a critical role in the transmission of common infectious diseases such as typhoid, HIV, C. difficile, influenzas, cholera, tuberculosis, and COVID-19, [2] although the latter is often associated with "robust T-cell immunity" in more than a quarter of patients studied. [3]
Typhus fever was also a significant killer during the American Civil War, although typhoid fever was the more prevalent cause of US Civil War "camp fever." Typhoid is a completely different disease from typhus. Typically more men died on both sides of disease than wounds. [citation needed]
Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus. [1] Common symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. [1] Typically these begin one to two weeks after exposure. [2] The diseases are caused by specific types of bacterial infection. [1]
Rickettsia typhi is a flea-borne disease organism and is widely distributed throughout the world. [18] There are two cycles in R. typhi transmission from animal reservoirs to human: a classic rat-flea-rat cycle, and a peridomestic cycle involving cats, dogs, opossums, sheep, and their fleas. [7]
Pathogen transmission is a term used to describe the mechanisms by which a disease-causing agent (virus, bacterium, or parasite) spreads from one host to another. Common modes of transmission include: [15] - airborne (as with influenza and COVID-19), fecal-oral (as with cholera and typhoid), vector-borne (malaria, Zika) and; sexual (syphilis, HIV)
An infectious disease agent can be transmitted in two ways: as horizontal disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group) [3] by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze (vectors or fomites that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical ...
In 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths. [1] It occurs most often in children and young adults between 5 and 19 years old. [2] In 2013, it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990. [3]