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Born Free and Equal: The Story of Loyal Japanese-Americans is a book by Ansel Adams containing photographs from his 1943–1944 visit to the internment camp then named Manzanar War Relocation Center [1] in Owens Valley, Inyo County, California. The book was published in 1944 by U.S. Camera in New York. In the summer of 1943, Adams was invited ...
There were three types of camps for Japanese and Japanese-American civilians in the United States during World War II. Civilian Assembly Centers were temporary camps, frequently located at horse tracks, where Japanese Americans were sent as they were removed from their communities.
The Sharp Park Detention Station was a Japanese, Italian and German Internment camp located in northern California on land owned by San Francisco in Pacifica. [2] Open from March 30, 1942, until 1946, the camp was built to hold as many as 600 detainees, but later held approximately 2,500 detainees. [3] [1]
Executive Order 9066 took effect on March 30, 1942. The order had all native-born Americans and long-time legal residents of Japanese ancestry living in California to surrender themselves for detention. Japanese Americans were held to the end of the war in 1945. In total 97,785 Californians of Japanese ancestry were held during the war. [6] [7 ...
A per-state population map of the Japanese American population, with California leading with 93,717, from Final Report, Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast 1942 In the 1930s, the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), concerned as a result of Imperial Japan's rising military power in Asia, began to conduct surveillance in Japanese American ...
The non-fiction book has become a curriculum staple in schools and universities across the United States. [5] In an effort to educate Californians about the experiences of Japanese Americans who were confined in American internment camps during World War II, the book and the movie were distributed in 2002 as a part of a kit to approximately 8,500 public elementary and secondary schools and ...
Frank Chuman (born 1917), a civil rights attorney and author who wrote the Japanese American legal history "Bamboo People" and memoir "Manzanar and Beyond". Sue Kunitomi Embrey (1923–2006) was an editor of the Manzanar Free Press , the camp newspaper, and wove camouflage nets to support the war effort.
The Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement Study (JERS) was a research project funded by the War Relocation Authority (WRA), an agency responsible for overseeing the relocation of Japanese Americans, The University of California, the Giannini Foundation, the Columbian Foundation, and the Rockefeller Foundation with the total amount of funding reaching almost 100,000 U.S. dollars.