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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy or postmenopausal hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Effects of menopause can include symptoms such as hot flashes , accelerated skin aging, vaginal dryness , decreased muscle mass , and ...
Estrogen helps maintain the endometrial lining of the uterus and help prepare for pregnancy. Research shows higher pregnancy rate if the mother takes estrogen in addition to progesterone. [67] Estradiol is the predominant form of estrogen during reproductive years and is most commonly prescribed. [67]
Hormone replacement therapy consisting of systemic treatment with estrogen alone or in combination with a progestogen, has well-documented and considerable beneficial effects on the skin of postmenopausal women. [25] [26] These benefits include increased skin collagen content, skin thickness and elasticity, and skin hydration and surface lipids.
Estrogen dosages for menopausal hormone therapy; Route/form Estrogen Low Standard High Oral: Estradiol: 0.5–1 mg/day: 1–2 mg/day: 2–4 mg/day Estradiol valerate: 0.5–1 mg/day: 1–2 mg/day: 2–4 mg/day Estradiol acetate: 0.45–0.9 mg/day: 0.9–1.8 mg/day: 1.8–3.6 mg/day Conjugated estrogens: 0.3–0.45 mg/day: 0.625 mg/day: 0.9–1. ...
The influence of 2 mg/day oral estradiol valerate on coagulation factors is less than that of 10 μg/day oral ethinylestradiol. [93] [26] [94] [95] [96] Oral ethinylestradiol at 10 μg/day has been found to have about 1.5- to 2.5-fold the impact of 2 mg/day oral estradiol valerate on HDL cholesterol and triglycerides.
Compared to previous bioidentical formulas that only used estradiol, he promoted a triple-estrogen formula called Triest, which combined three estrogens found in human females: estriol, estradiol and estrone. It was based on an unpublished study whose conclusions did account for how estrogens are processed and excreted in the body ...
[2] [3] CEEs is the most commonly used form of estrogen medications in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal symptoms in the United States. [3] Estrone sulfate is the major estrogen in CEEs (about 50%) while equilin sulfate is the second major estrogen in the formulation, present as about 25% of the total. [2] [3]
In contrast to estrogen-only therapy, combined estrogen and progestogen treatment, although dependent on the progestogen used, is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. [ 142 ] [ 145 ] The increase in risk is dependent on the duration of treatment, with more than five years ( OR = 2.43) having a significantly greater risk than less ...
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