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A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day.
A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...
The Armenian general Badr al-Jamali restored order and saved the dynasty, but installed himself as a virtual military dictator ("vizier of the sword") independent of the caliph. 9 Abu'l-Qasim ابو القاسم: Ahmad أحمد: al-Musta'li bi'llah المستعلي بالله: 29 December 1094/6 January 1095 [10] [11] –1101: 16 September 1074 ...
During his reign Eastern Islamic World was invaded by Mongols. The great cities like Bukhara, Samarkand were destroyed and millions of Muslims were killed. 37 2 December 1242 – 20 February 1258 al-Mustaʿṣim bi-'llāh: ʿAbd Allāh Al-Mustansir; Hajer, Abyssinian concubine; Last Abbasid caliph of Later Abbasid Era; End of the Abbasid ...
An Islamic flag is the flag representing an Islamic caliphate, religious order, state, civil society, military force or other entity associated with Islam. Islamic flags have a distinct history due to the Islamic prescription on aniconism , making particular colours, inscriptions or symbols such as crescent-and-star popular choices.
Islam in Central Asia; Islam in Iran; Islam in Turkey; Islamic Golden Age; Jihad; List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language; Medieval Muslim Algeria; Middle Ages; Military history of Iran; Muhammad; Muhammad ibn al-Qasim; Ottoman Caliphate; Political aspects of Islam; Pre-Islamic Arabia; Rashidun Caliphate; Science ...
These early caliphates, coupled with Muslim economics and trading, the Islamic Golden Age, and the age of the Islamic gunpowder empires, resulted in Islam's spread outwards from Mecca towards the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans and the creation of the Muslim world. The Islamic conquests, which culminated in the Arab empire being ...