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Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus. The accommodation reflex (or accommodation-convergence reflex) is a reflex action of the eye, in response to focusing on a near object, then looking at a distant object (and vice versa), comprising coordinated changes in vergence, lens shape (accommodation) and pupil size.
With vision in fish and amphibians, the lens is fixed in shape, and focusing is instead achieved by moving the lens forwards or backwards within the eye using a muscle called the retractor lentus. [49] In cartilaginous fish, the suspensory ligaments are replaced by a membrane, including a small muscle at the underside of the lens. This muscle ...
Clinically, accommodative convergence is measured as a ratio of convergence, measured in prism diopters, to accommodation, measured in diopters of near demand. The patient is instructed to make a near target perfectly clear and their phoria is measured as the focusing demand on the eye is changed with lenses.
Visual acuity is the clarity of vision and the ability to recognize small details. It is measured by optotypes on a chart and expressed as a fraction, such as 6/6 or 20/20, which means the distance at which a person with normal vision can see the same optotype.
Pupillary reflex is a term for the reflexes related to pupil function, such as the pupillary light reflex and accommodation reflex. Learn how the pupil constricts or dilates in response to light, near or far vision, and convergence of the eyes.
Stereopsis, or stereo vision, is the visual blending of two similar but not identical images into one, with resulting visual perception of solidity and depth. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] In the human brain, stereopsis results from complex mechanisms that form a three-dimensional impression by matching each point (or set of points) in one eye's view with the ...
Subjective refraction is a clinical examination to determine the best corrected visual acuity for a patient. It involves using trial lenses, a Snellen chart, a pinhole occluder and a duochrome test to measure spherical and cylindrical refractive errors.
Humphrey visual field analyser (HFA) is a tool for measuring the human visual field that is used for detecting monocular vision defects. It projects white light stimuli of varying intensities and records the patient's responses to indicate retinal sensitivity.
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