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Power amplifier circuits (output stages) are classified as A, B, AB and C for linear designs—and class D and E for switching designs. The classes are generally based on the proportion of each input cycle (conduction angle) during which an amplifying device passes current. [2]
Block diagram of fully differential and single-ended two-stage amplifiers. The following figure shows the block diagram of a two-stage amplifier in fully differential and single ended modes. In a two-stage amplifier, input stage can be a Telescopic or FC amplifier. For the second stage, common source amplifier with active load is a common choice.
The practical amplifier circuit shown above could be the basis for a moderate-power audio amplifier. It features a typical (though substantially simplified) design as found in modern amplifiers, with a class-AB push–pull output stage, and uses some overall negative feedback. Bipolar transistors are shown, but this design would also be ...
This means that class AB and B amplifiers produce their lowest distortion percentage at near maximum amplitude, with poorer distortion performance at low levels. As the circuit changes from pure class A, through AB1 and AB2, to B, open-loop crossover distortion worsens. Class AB and B amplifiers use NFB to reduce open-loop distortion.
All amplifier circuits are classified by "class of operation" as A, B, AB and C etc. See power amplifier classes. Some significantly different circuit topologies exist compared to transistor designs. The grid (where the input signal is presented) needs to be biased substantially negative with respect to the cathode.
Linear amplifiers need to operate with class-A or class-AB biasing, which makes them relatively inefficient. While class C has far higher efficiency, a class-C amplifier is not linear, and is only suitable for the amplification of constant envelope signals. Such signals include FM, FSK, MFSK, and CW . [5] [6]
This configuration is commonly used in the output stages of class-B and class-AB amplifiers. The base circuit is modified to operate the transistor in class-B or AB mode. In class-A mode, sometimes an active current source is used instead of R E (Fig. 4) to improve linearity and/or efficiency. [1]
Some classes are class A, class AB, class B, which are considered the linear amplifier classes in which the active device is used as a controlled current source, while class C is a nonlinear class in which the active device is used as a switch. The bias at the input of the active device determines the class of the amplifier.
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