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As doctors developed a greater understanding of the human nervous system, the neurological model of hysteria was created, which further propelled the conception of hysteria as a mental disorder. [ 4 ] [ 11 ] Joseph Raulin published a work in 1748, associating hysteria with the air quality in cities, he suggested that men and women could both ...
This model divides the symptoms of anxiety and depression into three groups: negative affect, positive affect and physiological hyperarousal. [1] [2] [3] These three sets of symptoms help explain common and distinct aspects of depression and anxiety. [2] The ability to distinguish between anxiety and depression with this model may help increase ...
This model uses cognitive appraisal as a way to explain responses to stressful events. [5]According to this theory, two distinct forms of cognitive appraisal must occur in order for an individual to feel stress in response to an event; Lazarus called these stages "primary appraisal" and "secondary appraisal". [5]
The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
Anxiety can be a symptom of a medical or substance use disorder problem, and medical professionals must be aware of this. A diagnosis of GAD is made when a person has been excessively worried about an everyday problem for six months or more. [15] These stresses can include family life, work, social life, or their own health.
Stress management was developed and premised on the idea that stress is not a direct response to a stressor but rather an individual's resources and abilities to cope and mediate the stress response which are amenable to change, thus allowing stress to be controllable. [7] [8] Transactional Model of Stress and Coping of Richard Lazarus
The stress levels of the participants were measured through self-assessments of stress and anxiety symptoms after each condition. The results demonstrated that the "exercise" condition had the most significant reduction in stress and anxiety symptoms. [89] These results demonstrate the validity of the time-out hypothesis. [89]
The HADS is a 14-item scale, with seven items relating to anxiety and seven relating to depression. [2] Zigmond and Snaith created this outcome measure specifically to avoid reliance on aspects of these conditions that are also common somatic symptoms of illness, for example fatigue and insomnia or hypersomnia. This, it was hoped, would create ...