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Pulmonary surfactant thus greatly reduces surface tension, increasing compliance allowing the lung to inflate much more easily, thereby reducing the work of breathing. It reduces the pressure difference needed to allow the lung to inflate. The lung's compliance, and ventilation decrease when lung tissue becomes diseased and fibrotic. [3]
Testing for surfactant metabolism dysfunction should be considered for newborns with diffuse lung disease or hypoxemia, especially in families with history of neonatal lung diseases or ILD in adults. Neonatal and adult onset lung diseases with unfound causes should also be tested early for surfactant dysfunction. [ 3 ]
Pulmonary surfactant may be isolated from the lungs of cows or pigs or made artificially. [1] [3] [4] Pulmonary surfactant was discovered in the 1950s and a manufactured version was approved for medical use in the United States in 1990. [3] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [5]
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD): an acute lung condition with the presence of hyaline membranes. [2] These hyaline membranes are made up of dead cells, surfactant, and proteins. [1] The hyaline membranes deposit along the walls of the alveoli, where gas exchange typically occurs, thereby making gas exchange difficult.
Surfactant therapy is the medical administration of pulmonary surfactant that is derived from outside of the body. Pulmonary surfactant is a soap-like chemical synthesized by type II alveolar pneumocytes and is of various lipids (80% phospholipids, 5-10% cholesterol, and ∼10% surfactant-associated proteins). This biological fluid reduces ...
Surfactant homeostasis is critical for breathing (and thus survival) in the prematurely born infant, but also for maintaining lung health, and normal lung function throughout life. Changes in the amount or composition of surfactant can alter its function and are associated with respiratory diseases .
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