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The backward acting force of pressure exerted on the front surface is thus larger than the force of pressure acting on the back. Hence, as the resultant of the two forces, there remains a force that counteracts the motion of the plate and that increases with the velocity of the plate. We will call this resultant 'radiation friction' in brief."
In the case that the photon has mass, the mass term 1 / 2 m 2 A μ A μ would affect the galactic plasma. The fact that no such effects are seen implies an upper bound on the photon mass of m < 3 × 10 −27 eV/c 2. [37] The galactic vector potential can also be probed directly by measuring the torque exerted on a magnetized ring. [38]
However, its crucial physical properties are analogous to a (massive) photon: it induces a "vector force", sometimes dubbed a "fifth force". The electromagnetic potential A μ {\displaystyle A_{\mu }} emerges from an extra component of the metric tensor g μ 5 {\displaystyle g_{\mu 5}} , where the figure 5 labels an additional, fifth dimension .
Gravity field surrounding Earth from a macroscopic perspective. Newton's law of universal gravitation can be written as a vector equation to account for the direction of the gravitational force as well as its magnitude. In this formula, quantities in bold represent vectors.
This force will be equal to the pressure times the cross sectional area (A) of the piston. This process can be continued at a constant temperature until the photon gas is at a volume V 0. Integrating the force over the distance (x) traveled yields the total work done to create this photon gas at this volume
The force exerted by one mass on another and the force exerted by one charge on another are strikingly similar. Both fall off as the square of the distance between the bodies. Both are proportional to the product of properties of the bodies, mass in the case of gravitation and charge in the case of electrostatics. They also have a striking ...
The graviton must be a spin-2 boson because the source of gravitation is the stress–energy tensor, a second-order tensor (compared with electromagnetism's spin-1 photon, the source of which is the four-current, a first-order tensor). Additionally, it can be shown that any massless spin-2 field would give rise to a force indistinguishable from ...
The ability to do work can be either positive or negative depending on the direction of exertion relative to gravity. For example, a force exerted upwards, like lifting an object, creates positive work done on that object. [2] Exertion often results in force generated, a contributing dynamic of general motion. [1]