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  2. List of unsolved problems in physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    The following is a list of notable unsolved problems grouped into broad areas of physics. [1]Some of the major unsolved problems in physics are theoretical, meaning that existing theories seem incapable of explaining a certain observed phenomenon or experimental result.

  3. Balmer series - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmer_series

    where λ is the wavelength of the absorbed/emitted light and R H is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The Rydberg constant is seen to be equal to ⁠ 4 / B ⁠ in Balmer's formula, and this value, for an infinitely heavy nucleus, is ⁠ 4 / 3.645 0682 × 10 −7 m ⁠ = 10 973 731.57 m −1. [3]

  4. Newton's rings - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_rings

    The light passes through the glass lens until it comes to the glass-to-air boundary, where the transmitted light goes from a higher refractive index (n) value to a lower n value. The transmitted light passes through this boundary with no phase change. The reflected light undergoing internal reflection (about 4% of the total) also has no phase ...

  5. White light interferometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_light_interferometry

    A broadband “white light” source is used to illuminate the test and reference surfaces. A condenser lens collimates the light from the broadband light source. A beam splitter separates the light into reference and measurement beams. The reference beam is reflected by the reference mirror, while the measurement beam is reflected or scattered ...

  6. All India Secondary School Examination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Secondary_School...

    All India Secondary School Examination, commonly known as the class 10th board exam, is a centralized public examination that students in schools affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education, primarily in India but also in other Indian-patterned schools affiliated to the CBSE across the world, taken at the end of class 10. The board ...

  7. Optical microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope

    The optical microscope, also referred to as a light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in their present compound form in the 17th century.

  8. Speed of light - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_Light

    A light-year is the distance light travels in one Julian year, around 9461 billion kilometres, 5879 billion miles, or 0.3066 parsecs. In round figures, a light year is nearly 10 trillion kilometres or nearly 6 trillion miles. Proxima Centauri, the closest star to Earth after the Sun, is around 4.2 light-years away. [89]

  9. Beer–Lambert law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer–Lambert_law

    There are two factors that determine the degree to which a medium containing particles will attenuate a light beam: the number of particles encountered by the light beam, and the degree to which each particle extinguishes the light. [15] Assume that a beam of light enters a material sample. Define z as an axis parallel to the direction of the beam.