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The effects of random errors can be mitigated by the repeated measurements. Constant or systematic errors on the contrary must be carefully avoided, because they arise from one or more causes which constantly act in the same way, and have the effect of always altering the result of the experiment in the same direction. They therefore alter the ...
Controls eliminate alternate explanations of experimental results, especially experimental errors and experimenter bias. Many controls are specific to the type of experiment being performed, as in the molecular markers used in SDS-PAGE experiments, and may simply have the purpose of ensuring that the equipment is working properly.
Experiment that has two or more groups of subjects each being tested by a different testing factor simultaneously Student's t-test , Analysis of variance , Mann–Whitney U test Repeated measures design
Focusing on microarray experiments, they propose a new definition based on several previous ones: "[T]he batch effect represents the systematic technical differences when samples are processed and measured in different batches and which are unrelated to any biological variation recorded during the MAGE [microarray gene expression] experiment."
Any experiment performing anywhere in the universe has its surroundings, from which we cannot eliminate our system. The study of environmental effects has primary advantage of being able us to justify the fact that environment has impact on experiments and feasible environment will not only rectify our result but also amplify it.
This issue is particularly important in new fields of science where there is no consensus regarding the values of various competing theories, and where the extent of experimental errors is not well known. If experimenter's regress acts a positive feedback system, it can be a source of pathological science.
For example, if we observe p = 0.05 in a single experiment, we would have to be 87% certain that there as a real effect before the experiment was done to achieve a false positive risk of 5%. Receiver operating characteristic
For example, an experimental uncertainty analysis of an undergraduate physics lab experiment in which a pendulum can estimate the value of the local gravitational acceleration constant g. The relevant equation [1] for an idealized simple pendulum is, approximately,