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The chain that closed off the entrance to the Golden Horn in 1453, now on display in the İstanbul Archaeology Museums. The Sea Walls were architecturally similar to the Theodosian Walls, but of simpler construction. They were formed by a single wall, considerably lower than the land walls, with inner circuits in the locations of the harbours.
The seven hills, all located in the area within the walls, first appeared when the valleys of the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus were opened up during the Secondary and Tertiary periods. In the Ottoman Age , as in the earlier Byzantine period, each hill was surmounted by monumental religious buildings (churches under the Byzantines, imperial ...
Map of Constantinople (1422) by Florentine cartographer Cristoforo Buondelmonti [44] is the oldest surviving map of the city, and the only one that predates the Turkish conquest of the city in 1453. The current Hagia Sophia was commissioned by Emperor Justinian I after the previous one was destroyed in the Nika riots of 532. It was converted ...
Date: 15 November 2012, 14:44:39: Source: Own work using: Base map: Sea of Marmara map.png, slightly edited. Locations and names of settlements taken from: C. Mango ...
Air pollution in Turkey, such as fine dust from traffic, is a serious problem in Istanbul. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Although the historic peninsula was partially pedestrianised in the early 21st century, [ 3 ] a 2015 study found that this is the part of the city which would benefit most from a low emission zone . [ 4 ]
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A map of Istanbul, 1911. The architecture of Istanbul describes a large mixture of structures which reflect the many influences that have made an indelible mark in all districts of the city. The ancient part of the city (the historic peninsula) is still partially surrounded by the Walls of Constantinople , erected in the 5th century by Emperor ...
Map of Byzantine Constantinople. The Kontoskalion is located in the southeastern part of the city, and named Harbour of Julian/Sophia. The Kontoskalion (Greek: Κοντοσκάλιον), also known as Harbour of Julian (Latin: Portus Iulianus, Greek: Λιμὴν τοῦ Ἰουλιανοῦ), Portus Novus ("New Port"), or Harbour of Sophia (Greek: Λιμὴν τῆς Σοφίας or ...
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