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The wood anatomy includes the study of the structure of the bark, cork, xylem, phloem, vascular cambium, heartwood and sapwood and branch collar. The main topic is the anatomy of two distinct types of wood: Softwoods [7] Hardwoods [8]
A section of a yew branch showing 27 annual growth rings, pale sapwood, dark heartwood, and pith (center dark spot). The dark radial lines are small knots. Heartwood (or duramen [12]) is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay. Heartwood formation is a genetically programmed ...
The trunk consists of five main parts: The outer bark, inner bark , cambium, sapwood (live xylem), and heartwood (dead xylem). [2] From the outside of the tree working in: The first layer is the outer bark; this is the protective outermost layer of the trunk. Under this is the inner bark which is called the phloem. The phloem is how the tree ...
The trunk is usually highly irregular with frequent branching. The bark is slate white in color and has a peeling appearance. The sapwood is usually pale reddish in color while the heartwood is deep red to brown. [4] [5] The leaves are around 8 to 12 cm (3.1 to 4.7 in) in length, and 5 cm (2.0 in) in width.
Heartwood and sapwood in pinus sylvestris. The heartwood from the pine tree, heart pine, is preferred by woodworkers and builders over the sapwood, [1] due to its strength, hardness and golden red coloration. The longleaf pine, the favored tree for heart pine, nearly went extinct due to logging. Before the 18th century, in the United States ...
Sapwood (alburnum) Heartwood (duramen) Pith (medulla) In young stems, which lack what is commonly called bark, the tissues are, from the outside to the inside: Epidermis, which may be replaced by periderm; Cortex; Primary and secondary phloem; Vascular cambium; Secondary and primary xylem.
Mallet of lignum vitae, all sapwood Wood of Bulnesia sarmientoi. Lignum vitae (/ ˈ l ɪ ɡ n ə m ˈ v aɪ t i,-ˈ v iː t aɪ / [1]), also called guayacan or guaiacum, [2] and in parts of Europe known as Pockholz or pokhout, is a wood from trees of the genus Guaiacum. The trees are indigenous to the Caribbean and the northern coast of South ...
Tyloses can aid in the process of making sapwood into heartwood in some hardwood trees, especially in trees with larger vessels. [3] These blockages can be used in addition to gum plugs as soon as vessels become filled with air bubbles, and they help to form a stronger heartwood by slowing the progress of rot.