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Many benzodiazepines (including midazolam) have longer half-lives than flumazenil. Therefore, in cases of overdose, repeated doses of flumazenil may be required to prevent recurrent symptoms once the initial dose of flumazenil wears off. [citation needed] It is hepatically metabolised to inactive compounds which are excreted in the urine.
Midazolam infusions may induce tolerance and a withdrawal syndrome in a matter of days. The risk factors for dependence include dependent personality, use of a benzodiazepine that is short-acting, high potency and long-term use of benzodiazepines. Withdrawal symptoms from midazolam can range from insomnia and anxiety to seizures and psychosis.
The most common symptoms of overdose include central nervous system (CNS) depression, impaired balance, ataxia, and slurred speech. Severe symptoms include coma and respiratory depression. Supportive care is the mainstay of treatment of benzodiazepine overdose. There is an antidote, flumazenil, but its use is controversial. [2]
Emergent Biosolutions' Narcan, the first nasal spray emergency treatment for opioid overdose, was approved by the FDA in 2015 as a prescription drug at a 4 mg dose.
Naloxone lasts up to 90 minutes, but once the medication wears off, a person could start to experience overdose symptoms again. Naloxone works on all opioids but not on other drugs, such as ...
The Oregon Health Authority plans to offer free opioid overdose reversal kits to middle and high schools throughout the state, the agency said Tuesday.
[172] [173] The symptoms of a benzodiazepine overdose may include; drowsiness, slurred speech, nystagmus, hypotension, ataxia, coma, respiratory depression, and cardiorespiratory arrest. [ 170 ] A reversal agent for benzodiazepines exists, flumazenil (Anexate), itself belonging to the chemical class of benzodiazepines.
Opiate overdose symptoms and signs can be referred to as the "opioid toxidrome triad": decreased level of consciousness, pinpoint pupils and respiratory depression. Other symptoms include seizures and muscle spasms. Sometimes an opiate overdose can lead to such a decreased level of consciousness such that the person will not wake up.