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List of paradoxes. Outline of public relations – Overview of and topical guide to public relations. Map–territory relation – Relationship between an object and a representation of that object (confusing map with territory, menu with meal) Mathematical fallacy – Certain type of mistaken proof.
In logic and related fields such as mathematics and philosophy, " if and only if " (often shortened as " iff ") is paraphrased by the biconditional, a logical connective [ 1 ] between statements. The biconditional is true in two cases, where either both statements are true or both are false. The connective is biconditional (a statement of ...
Formal proof. In logic and mathematics, a formal proof or derivation is a finite sequence of sentences (known as well-formed formulas when relating to formal language), each of which is an axiom, an assumption, or follows from the preceding sentences in the sequence, according to the rule of inference. It differs from a natural language ...
Validity (logic) In logic, specifically in deductive reasoning, an argument is valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless to be false. [1] It is not required for a valid argument to have premises that are actually true, [2] but to have premises that, if they were ...
Proof by assertion. Proof by assertion, sometimes informally referred to as proof by repeated assertion, is an informal fallacy in which a proposition is repeatedly restated regardless of contradiction and refutation. [1] The proposition can sometimes be repeated until any challenges or opposition cease, letting the proponent assert it as fact ...
One valid argument form is known as modus ponens, not to be mistaken with modus tollens, which is another valid argument form that has a like-sounding name and structure. Modus ponens (sometimes abbreviated as MP) says that if one thing is true, then another will be. It then states that the first is true. The conclusion is that the second thing ...
The exception proves the rule is a phrase that arises from ignorance, though common to good writers. The original word was preuves, which did not mean proves but tests. [4] In this sense, the phrase does not mean that an exception demonstrates a rule to be true or to exist, but that it tests the rule, thereby proving its value.
Copy editing (also known as copyediting and manuscript editing) is the process of revising written material (" copy ") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy. [ 2 ][ 3 ] The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical ...