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  2. PDF - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 13 October 2024. Portable Document Format, a digital file format For other uses, see PDF (disambiguation). Portable Document Format Adobe PDF icon Filename extension.pdf Internet media type application/pdf, application/x-pdf application/x-bzpdf application/x-gzpdf Type code PDF (including a single ...

  3. Mass fraction (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)

    Mass fraction (chemistry) In chemistry, the mass fraction of a substance within a mixture is the ratio (alternatively denoted ) of the mass of that substance to the total mass of the mixture. [1] Expressed as a formula, the mass fraction is: Because the individual masses of the ingredients of a mixture sum to , their mass fractions sum to unity:

  4. Knapsack problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapsack_problem

    The most common problem being solved is the 0-1 knapsack problem, which restricts the number of copies of each kind of item to zero or one. Given a set of items numbered from 1 up to , each with a weight and a value , along with a maximum weight capacity ,

  5. Energy density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density

    In terms of density, m = ρV, where ρ is the mass per unit volume, V is the volume of the mass itself. This energy can be released by the processes of nuclear fission (~0.1%), nuclear fusion (~1%), or the annihilation of some or all of the matter in the volume V by matter-antimatter collisions (100%). [citation needed]

  6. Java Class Library - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Class_Library

    The Java Class Library (JCL) is a set of dynamically loadable libraries that Java Virtual Machine (JVM) languages can call at run time. Because the Java Platform is not dependent on a specific operating system, applications cannot rely on any of the platform-native libraries. Instead, the Java Platform provides a comprehensive set of standard ...

  7. Weight function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_function

    A weight function is a mathematical device used when performing a sum, integral, or average to give some elements more "weight" or influence on the result than other elements in the same set. The result of this application of a weight function is a weighted sum or weighted average. Weight functions occur frequently in statistics and analysis ...

  8. Damköhler numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damköhler_numbers

    Alternatively, one can graph the expressions and see where they intersect with the line given by the inverse Damköhler number to see the solution for conversion. In the plot below, the y-axis is the inverse Damköhler number and the x-axis the conversion. The rule-of-thumb Damköhler numbers have been placed as dashed horizontal lines.

  9. Halstead complexity measures - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halstead_complexity_measures

    Halstead's goal was to identify measurable properties of software, and the relations between them. This is similar to the identification of measurable properties of matter (like the volume, mass, and pressure of a gas) and the relationships between them (analogous to the gas equation). Thus his metrics are actually not just complexity metrics.