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Let X be an affine space over a field k, and V be its associated vector space. An affine transformation is a bijection f from X onto itself that is an affine map; this means that a linear map g from V to V is well defined by the equation () = (); here, as usual, the subtraction of two points denotes the free vector from the second point to the first one, and "well-defined" means that ...
Congruence permits alteration of some properties, such as location and orientation, but leaves others unchanged, like distances and angles. The unchanged properties are called invariants. In geometry, two figures or objects are congruent if they have the same shape and size, or if one has the same shape and size as the mirror image of the other.
Suppose A, B, C are on one line and A', B', C' on another. If the lines AB' and A'B are parallel and the lines BC' and B'C are parallel, then the lines CA' and C'A are parallel. (This is the affine version of Pappus's hexagon theorem). The full axiom system proposed has point, line, and line containing point as primitive notions:
The first real transformation is reflection in a line or reflection against an axis. The composition of two reflections results in a rotation when the lines intersect, or a translation when they are parallel. Thus through transformations students learn about Euclidean plane isometry. For instance, consider reflection in a vertical line and a ...
In geometry, the tests for congruence and similarity involve comparing corresponding sides and corresponding angles of polygons. In these tests, each side and each angle in one polygon is paired with a side or angle in the second polygon, taking care to preserve the order of adjacency. [1] For example, if one polygon has sequential sides a, b ...
Glide reflection. A glide reflection is the composition of a reflection across a line and a translation parallel to the line. This footprint trail has glide-reflection symmetry. Applying the glide reflection maps each left footprint into a right footprint and vice versa. In geometry, a glide reflection or transflection is a geometric ...
In mathematics, non-Euclidean geometry consists of two geometries based on axioms closely related to those that specify Euclidean geometry. As Euclidean geometry lies at the intersection of metric geometry and affine geometry, non-Euclidean geometry arises by either replacing the parallel postulate with an alternative, or relaxing the metric ...
Formal definition. [edit] A rigid transformation is formally defined as a transformation that, when acting on any vector v, produces a transformed vector T(v) of the form. T(v) = Rv + t. where RT = R−1 (i.e., R is an orthogonal transformation), and t is a vector giving the translation of the origin. A proper rigid transformation has, in addition,