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Probability theory. Given two random variables that are defined on the same probability space, [1] the joint probability distribution is the corresponding probability distribution on all possible pairs of outputs. The joint distribution can just as well be considered for any given number of random variables.
The multivariate normal distribution is said to be "non-degenerate" when the symmetric covariance matrix is positive definite. In this case the distribution has density [5] where is a real k -dimensional column vector and is the determinant of , also known as the generalized variance.
Ginzburg–Landau theory. In physics, Ginzburg–Landau theory, often called Landau–Ginzburg theory, named after Vitaly Ginzburg and Lev Landau, is a mathematical physical theory used to describe superconductivity. In its initial form, it was postulated as a phenomenological model which could describe type-I superconductors without examining ...
Probability density function. Box plot and probability density function of a normal distribution N(0, σ2). Geometric visualisation of the mode, median and mean of an arbitrary unimodal probability density function. [1] In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), density function, or density of an absolutely continuous random ...
In the calculus of variations and classical mechanics, the Euler–Lagrange equations[1] are a system of second-order ordinary differential equations whose solutions are stationary points of the given action functional. The equations were discovered in the 1750s by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler and Italian mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
e. In classical mechanics, a kinematic pair is a connection between two physical objects that imposes constraints on their relative movement (kinematics). German engineer Franz Reuleaux introduced the kinematic pair as a new approach to the study of machines [1] that provided an advance over the notion of elements consisting of simple machines.
Forward kinematics. Computing a robot's end-effector position from joint values and kinematic equations. An articulated six DOF robotic arm uses forward kinematics to position the gripper. The forward kinematics equations define the trajectory of the end-effector of a PUMA robot reaching for parts. In robot kinematics, forward kinematics refers ...
Screw theory is the algebraic calculation of pairs of vectors, also known as dual vectors[1] – such as angular and linear velocity, or forces and moments – that arise in the kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies. [2][3] Screw theory provides a mathematical formulation for the geometry of lines which is central to rigid body dynamics ...