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Dense graph. In mathematics, a dense graph is a graph in which the number of edges is close to the maximal number of edges (where every pair of vertices is connected by one edge). The opposite, a graph with only a few edges, is a sparse graph. The distinction of what constitutes a dense or sparse graph is ill-defined, and is often represented ...
Data visualization refers to the techniques used to communicate data or information by encoding it as visual objects (e.g., points, lines, or bars) contained in graphics. The goal is to communicate information clearly and efficiently to users. It is one of the steps in data analysis or data science. According to Vitaly Friedman (2008) the "main ...
Kernel density estimation of 100 normally distributed random numbers using different smoothing bandwidths.. In statistics, kernel density estimation (KDE) is the application of kernel smoothing for probability density estimation, i.e., a non-parametric method to estimate the probability density function of a random variable based on kernels as weights.
A contour line (also isoline, isopleth, isoquant or isarithm) of a function of two variables is a curve along which the function has a constant value, so that the curve joins points of equal value. [1][2] It is a plane section of the three-dimensional graph of the function parallel to the -plane. More generally, a contour line for a function of ...
The linear density, represented by λ, indicates the amount of a quantity, indicated by m, per unit length along a single dimension. Linear density is the measure of a quantity of any characteristic value per unit of length. Linear mass density (titer in textile engineering, the amount of mass per unit length) and linear charge density (the ...
The normal distribution is shown as a blue line for comparison. Note that the t distribution (red line) becomes closer to the normal distribution as ν {\displaystyle \ \nu \ } increases. Density of the t distribution (red) for 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 30 degrees of freedom compared to the standard normal distribution (blue).
Probability density function. Box plot and probability density function of a normal distribution N(0, σ2). Geometric visualisation of the mode, median and mean of an arbitrary unimodal probability density function. [1] In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), density function, or density of an absolutely continuous random ...
Schlieren photography is a process for photographing fluid flow. Invented by the German physicist August Toepler in 1864 to study supersonic motion, it is widely used in aeronautical engineering to photograph the flow of air around objects. The process works by allowing normally unobservable changes in a fluid's refractive index to be seen, [ 1 ...