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Synthetic ammonia from the Haber process was used for the production of nitric acid, a precursor to the nitrates used in explosives. The original Haber–Bosch reaction chambers used osmium as the catalyst, but this was available in extremely small quantities.
The Haber–Bosch process revolutionized ammonia production on a global scale. In this Focus issue, we examine the new era of green ammonia synthesis.
Block flow diagram of the ammonia synthesis process. Frank–Caro process. Adolph Frank and Nikodem Caro found that Nitrogen could be fixed by using the same calcium carbide produced to make acetylene to form calcium-cyanamide, which could then be divided with water to form ammonia. The method was developed between 1895 and 1899. [6]
The ammonia synthesis by the Haber–Bosch process is a carbon-free and sustainable ammonia production method as it replaces methane or fossil fuel as feedstock with renewable hydrogen production technologies, such as the water electrolysis process.
At present, ammonia synthesis consumes 1–2% of the world’s total energy output while producing 1% of the world’s total carbon emissions. Thus, the development of greener synthetic routes to...
A fresh approach to synthesizing ammonia from air and water. Ammonia is vital to society, but its manufacture is energy intensive, has a large carbon footprint and requires high initial capital...
Ammonia synthesis is the process of producing ammonia, which is a chemical compound used in various industries, such as agriculture and manufacturing. It typically involves the use of fossil fuels to generate the hydrogen needed for the synthesis.
Haber-Bosch process, method of directly synthesizing ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen, developed by the German physical chemist Fritz Haber. It was the first industrial chemical process to use high pressure for a chemical reaction.
Ammonia synthesis is the most carbon-intensive process in the chemical industry, with emissions above 440 Mt CO2eq /y in 2020 (Isella and Manca, 2022). Indeed, current ammonia synthesis heavily relies on fossil fuels to produce the hydrogen needed in the ammonia converters and generate the heat and compression required for the process.
The new emerging ammonia synthesis catalysts such as those using electrides, hydrides, amides, nitrides, oxynitride hydride and oxide support materials are promising alternatives to the conventional Ru- and Fe-based catalysts, but also to Ni- and Co-based catalysts.