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  2. Bubble chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_chart

    Unlike a traditional bubble chart, such displays don't assign meaning to x- or y-axis positions, but seek to pack circles as tightly as possible to make efficient use of space. These bubble charts were introduced by Fernanda Viegas and Martin Wattenberg [ 6 ] and have since become a popular method of displaying data.

  3. Random phase approximation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_phase_approximation

    Bubble diagrams, which result in the RPA when summed up. Solid lines stand for interacting or non-interacting Green's functions, dashed lines for two-particle interactions. The random phase approximation (RPA) is an approximation method in condensed matter physics and nuclear physics.

  4. Correlation function (quantum field theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_function...

    Since this also includes disconnected diagrams with vacuum bubbles, the sum factorizes into (sum over all bubble diagrams) × {\displaystyle \times } (sum of all diagrams with no bubbles). The first term then cancels with the normalization factor in the denominator meaning that the n-point correlation function is the sum of all Feynman diagrams ...

  5. Vacuum polarization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_polarization

    According to quantum field theory, the vacuum between interacting particles is not simply empty space. Rather, it contains short-lived virtual particle–antiparticle pairs (leptons or quarks and gluons). These short-lived pairs are called vacuum bubbles. It can be shown that they have no measurable impact on any process. [9] [nb 1]

  6. Alcubierre drive - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

    The need for exotic matter raises questions about whether one can distribute the matter in an initial spacetime that lacks a warp bubble in such a way that the bubble is created at a later time, although some physicists have proposed models of dynamical warp-drive spacetimes in which a warp bubble is formed in a previously flat space. [4]

  7. Weaire–Phelan structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaire–Phelan_structure

    In geometry, the Weaire–Phelan structure is a three-dimensional structure representing an idealised foam of equal-sized bubbles, with two different shapes. In 1993, Denis Weaire and Robert Phelan found that this structure was a better solution of the Kelvin problem of tiling space by equal volume cells of minimum surface area than the previous best-known solution, the Kelvin structure.

  8. Configuration space (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_space...

    The configuration space of all unordered pairs of points on the circle is the Möbius strip. In mathematics, a configuration space is a construction closely related to state spaces or phase spaces in physics. In physics, these are used to describe the state of a whole system as a single point in a high-dimensional space.

  9. File:BubbleDiagram.svg - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BubbleDiagram.svg

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