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  2. Groundwater recharge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_recharge

    Water balance. Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process, where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer. This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots and is often expressed as a flux to the water table ...

  3. Percolation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation

    Percolation in a square lattice. In physics, chemistry, and materials science, percolation (from Latin percolare 'to filter, trickle through') refers to the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials. It is described by Darcy's law. Broader applications have since been developed that cover connectivity of many systems modeled as ...

  4. Percolation threshold - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation_threshold

    The percolation threshold is a mathematical concept in percolation theory that describes the formation of long-range ... "chemical" links 3.63 0.628 [136 ...

  5. Aquifer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer

    Aquifer tests and well tests can be used with Darcy's law flow equations to determine the ability of a porous aquifer to convey water. [ 12 ] : 177–184 Analyzing this type of information over an area gives an indication how much water can be pumped without overdrafting and how contamination will travel.

  6. Infiltration (hydrology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)

    A newer method that allows 1-D groundwater and surface water coupling in homogeneous soil layers and that is related to the Richards equation is the Finite water-content vadose zone flow method solution of the Soil Moisture Velocity Equation. In the case of uniform initial soil water content and deep, well-drained soil, some excellent ...

  7. Directed percolation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_percolation

    In isotropic percolation a spreading agent (e.g. water) introduced at a particular site percolates along open bonds, generating a cluster of wet sites. Contrarily, in directed percolation the spreading agent can pass open bonds only along a preferred direction in space, as indicated by the arrow. The resulting red cluster is directed in space.

  8. Groundwater - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 27 January 2025. Water located beneath the ground surface An illustration showing groundwater in aquifers (in blue) (1, 5 and 6) below the water table (4), and three different wells (7, 8 and 9) dug to reach it. Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in rock and soil pore spaces and in ...

  9. Aqueous solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solution

    An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is mostly shown in chemical equations by appending (aq) to the relevant chemical formula . For example, a solution of table salt , also known as sodium chloride (NaCl), in water would be represented as Na + (aq) + Cl − (aq) .