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A polycarbonate is an oxocarbon dianion consisting of a chain of carbonate units, where successive carbonyl groups are directly linked to each other by shared additional oxygen atoms. That is, they are the conjugate bases of polycarbonic acids , the conceptual anhydrides of carbonic acid , or polymers of carbon dioxide .
Polycarbonate is commonly used in eye protection, as well as in other projectile-resistant viewing and lighting applications that would normally indicate the use of glass, but require much higher impact-resistance. Polycarbonate lenses also protect the eye from UV light.
The point is positioned very near or contacting the plate. A source of high voltage such as a Leyden jar (a type of capacitor) or a static electricity generator is applied to the needle, typically through a spark gap. This creates a sudden, small electrical discharge along the surface of the plate. This deposits stranded areas of charge onto ...
The generator is used in evolution equations such as the Kolmogorov backward equation, which describes the evolution of statistics of the process; its L 2 Hermitian adjoint is used in evolution equations such as the Fokker–Planck equation, also known as Kolmogorov forward equation, which describes the evolution of the probability density ...
Although single layer polycarbonate sheeting is more flexible than polycarbonate in twinwall configuration, it still retains significant advantages over alternative materials, including glass. A typical 6mm sheet has a density of 0.72 g/cm^2 [ 6 ] and a thermal insulation R value of 0.3 m^2°C/W, while allowing 80% of visible light pass through ...
The superformula is a generalization of the superellipse and was proposed by Johan Gielis in 2003. [1] Gielis suggested that the formula can be used to describe many complex shapes and curves that are found in nature.
The Swamee–Aggarwal equation is used to solve directly for the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f for laminar flow of Bingham plastic fluids. [8] It is an approximation of the implicit Buckingham–Reiner equation, but the discrepancy from experimental data is well within the accuracy of the data. The Swamee–Aggarwal equation is given by:
The equation above can also be used for a monofunctional additive which is the following, = (+) where N B is the number of monofunction molecules added. The coefficient of 2 in front of N B is require since one B molecule has the same quantitative effect as one excess B-B molecule. [15]