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The Irish Army [2] [3] or Irish establishment, [4] in practice called the monarch's "army in Ireland" or "army of Ireland", [4] was the standing army of the Kingdom of Ireland, a client state of England and subsequently (from 1707) of Great Britain.
The treaty divided Ireland into two spheres of influence: Henry was acknowledged as overlord of the Norman-held territory, and Ruaidrí was acknowledged as overlord of the rest of Ireland. [49] Ruaidrí also swore fealty to Henry and agreed to pay him a yearly tribute in cow hides, which Ruaidrí could levy from throughout his kingdom.
Ireland consisted of many semi-independent territories , and attempts were made by various factions to gain political control over the whole of the island. For the first two centuries of this period, this was mainly a rivalry between putative High Kings of Ireland from the northern and southern branches of the Uí Néill.
The Annals of the Four Masters, written in the 17th century, records a number battles as having taken place in prehistoric Ireland. These include: 2530 AM – Battle of Mag Itha, the first recorded battle in Ireland [1] 3304 AM – First Battle of Magh Tuireadh [2] 3330 AM – Second Battle of Magh Tuireadh [2]
The 17th century was perhaps the bloodiest in Ireland's history. Two periods of war (1641–53 and 1689–91) caused a huge loss of life. The ultimate dispossession of most of the Irish Catholic landowning class was engineered, and recusants were subordinated under the Penal Laws.
The first and most pressing reason was an alliance signed in 1649 between the Irish Confederate Catholics and Charles II, proclaimed King of Ireland in January 1649. This allowed for Royalist troops to be sent to Ireland and put the Irish Confederate Catholic troops under the command of Royalist officers led by James Butler, Earl of Ormonde .
Uniform and colonel's flag of the Regiment of Hibernia in Spanish service, mid-eighteenth century Portumna castle.Wild Geese heritage museum. The Flight of the Wild Geese was the departure of an Irish Jacobite army under the command of Patrick Sarsfield from Ireland to France, as agreed in the Treaty of Limerick on 3 October 1691, following the end of the Williamite War in Ireland.
John Dymmok, who served in the retinue of the earl of Essex, Elizabeth I’s lord lieutenant of Ireland, provides the classic description of a kern equipped for war: ". . . a kind of footman, slightly armed with a sword, a target (round shield) of wood, or a bow and sheaf of arrows with barbed heads, or else three darts, which they cast with a ...