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In physical cosmology, the age of the universe is the time elapsed since the Big Bang: 13.8 billion years. [1] Astronomers have two different approaches to determine the age of the universe.
The age of the universe by redshift z=5 to 20. For early objects, this relationship is calculated using the cosmological parameters for mass Ω m and dark energy Ω Λ, in addition to redshift and the Hubble parameter H 0. [9] This period measures from 380,000 years until about 1 billion years.
A graphical view of the Cosmic Calendar, featuring the months of the year, days of December, the final minute, and the final second. The Cosmic Calendar is a method to visualize the chronology of the universe, scaling its currently understood age of 13.8 billion years to a single year in order to help intuit it for pedagogical purposes in science education or popular science.
The Primordial Era is defined as "−50 < n < 5". In this era, the Big Bang, the subsequent inflation, and Big Bang nucleosynthesis are thought to have taken place. Toward the end of this age, the recombination of electrons with nuclei made the universe transparent for the first time.
c. 16th century BCE – Mesopotamian cosmology has a flat, circular Earth enclosed in a cosmic ocean. [1]c. 15th–11th century BCE – The Rigveda of Hinduism has some cosmological hymns, particularly in the late book 10, notably the Nasadiya Sukta which describes the origin of the universe, originating from the monistic Hiranyagarbha or "Golden Egg".
The timeline of the Universe lists events from its creation to its ultimate final state. For a timeline of the universe from the present to its presumed conclusion, see: Timeline of the far future Chronology of the universe
Although the distance traveled by light from the edge of the observable universe is close to the age of the universe times the speed of light, 13.8 billion light-years (4.2 × 10 ^ 9 pc), the proper distance is larger because the edge of the observable universe and the Earth have since moved further apart. [52]
The fraction of the total energy density of our (flat or almost flat) universe that is dark energy, , is estimated to be 0.669 ± 0.038 based on the 2018 Dark Energy Survey results using Type Ia supernovae [7] or 0.6847 ± 0.0073 based on the 2018 release of Planck satellite data, or more than 68.3% (2018 estimate) of the mass–energy density ...