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The pollen grains reflect UV-beta to shield their chromosomes stored in the pollen from UV-alpha which is important for making sure of reproductive success. [10] The technique of UV coloration has evolved in other species as well for various reasons. Similarly, carnivorous plants reflect and absorb UV to attract prey to it. [10]
Exposure to UV-B rays can be damaging to DNA inside of the plant cells, however, UVR8 induces genes required to acclimate plants to UV-B radiation, these genes are responsible for many biosynthesis pathways that involve protection from UV damage, oxidative stress, and photorepair of DNA damage. [14]
These types of mutations are usually prompted by environmental causes, such as ultraviolet radiation or any exposure to certain harmful chemicals, and can cause diseases including cancer. [92] With plants, some somatic mutations can be propagated without the need for seed production, for example, by grafting and stem cuttings.
Photolyase is a phylogenetically old enzyme which is present and functional in many species, from the bacteria to the fungi to plants [9] and to the animals. [10] Photolyase is particularly important in repairing UV induced damage in plants.
Mutation breeding, sometimes referred to as "variation breeding", is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals, radiation, or enzymes [1] [2] in order to generate mutants with desirable traits to be bred with other cultivars. Plants created using mutagenesis are sometimes called mutagenic plants or mutagenic seeds.
Similarly, short wave UV light works in the same way as ionizing radiation which can also induce mutations generating chromosomal rearrangements. When DNA absorbs short wave UV light, dimerizing and oxidative mutations can occur which can cause severe damage to the DNA sequence of an organism.
Ds elements have shown to cause a 4.1kB and 2.0 kB insertions. [13] The transposable elements were seen in progeny of plants that had undergone stress, and mutations caused by the insertion are like those caused by x-rays, UV light, or chemicals causing events like chromosome breakage and fusion. [2]
Other carcinogens may cause cancer through a variety of mechanisms without producing mutations, such as tumour promotion, immunosuppression that reduces the ability to fight cancer cells or pathogens that can cause cancer, disruption of the endocrine system (e.g. in breast cancer), tissue-specific toxicity, and inflammation (e.g. in colorectal ...