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Vitamin K that is injected is available as a glass ampule, so a filter should be used prior to administration to avoid glass particles getting into the human body. Unpreserved vitamin K should be used in nursing mothers to eliminate the chance of benzyl alcohol exposure via breastmilk.
Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. [1] The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation ("K" from Danish koagulation, for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. [2]
Phytomenadione, also known as vitamin K 1 or phylloquinone, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. [4] [5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [6] It is used to treat certain bleeding disorders, [5] including warfarin overdose, vitamin K deficiency, and obstructive jaundice. [5]
The term "vitamin K antagonist" is a misnomer, as the drugs do not directly antagonise the action of vitamin K in the pharmacological sense, but rather the recycling of vitamin K. Vitamin K is required for the proper production of certain proteins involved in the blood clotting process.
Phenprocoumon is an inhibitor of the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR). Vitamin K is needed to activate the coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X [9] and the anticoagulation factors protein C and protein S, [10] in which process it turns into vitamin K 2,3-epoxide. This is then recycled to vitamin K in a process involving VKOR.
Vitamin K 1-deficiency may occur by disturbed intestinal uptake (such as would occur in a bile duct obstruction), by therapeutic or accidental intake of a vitamin K 1-antagonist such as warfarin, or, very rarely, by nutritional vitamin K 1 deficiency. As a result, Gla-residues are inadequately formed and the Gla-proteins are insufficiently active.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now classifies eggs as a “healthy, nutrient-dense" food, according to a new proposed rule. Registered dietitians react to the change.
Vitamin B 7 (biotin) Vitamin B 9 (folate) Vitamin B 12 (cobalamin) Choline; Vitamin A (e.g. retinol (see also - provitamin A carotenoids)) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Vitamin D. Ergocalciferol; Cholecalciferol; Vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) Vitamin K. Vitamin K 1 (phylloquinone) Vitamin K 2 (menaquinone) Vitamin K 3 (menadione)