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There are many more metric properties of hyperbolic space that differentiate it from Euclidean space. Some can be generalised to the setting of Gromov-hyperbolic spaces, which is a generalisation of the notion of negative curvature to general metric spaces using only the large-scale properties. A finer notion is that of a CAT(−1)-space.
In mathematics, a space form is a complete Riemannian manifold M of constant sectional curvature K. The three most fundamental examples are Euclidean n -space , the n -dimensional sphere , and hyperbolic space , although a space form need not be simply connected .
The group SO + (1,n) is the full group of orientation-preserving isometries of the n-dimensional hyperbolic space. In more concrete terms, SO + (1,n) can be split into n(n-1)/2 rotations (formed with a regular Euclidean rotation matrix in the lower-right block) and n hyperbolic translations, which take the form
Hyperbolic motions can also be described on the hyperboloid model of hyperbolic geometry. [ 1 ] This article exhibits these examples of the use of hyperbolic motions: the extension of the metric d ( a , b ) = | log ( b / a ) | {\displaystyle d(a,b)=\vert \log(b/a)\vert } to the half-plane and the unit disk .
Tessellations of hyperbolic 2-space are hyperbolic tilings. There are infinitely many regular tilings in H 2. As stated above, every positive integer pair {p,q} such that 1/p + 1/q < 1/2 gives a hyperbolic tiling. In fact, for the general Schwarz triangle (p, q, r) the same holds true for 1/p + 1/q + 1/r < 1.
In dimension 3, the fractional linear action of PGL(2, C) on the Riemann sphere is identified with the action on the conformal boundary of hyperbolic 3-space induced by the isomorphism O + (1, 3) ≅ PGL(2, C). This allows one to study isometries of hyperbolic 3-space by considering spectral properties of representative complex matrices.
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The Poincaré metric provides a hyperbolic metric on the space. The uniformization theorem for surfaces states that the upper half-plane is the universal covering space of surfaces with constant negative Gaussian curvature. The closed upper half-plane is the union of the upper half-plane and the real axis. It is the closure of the upper half-plane.