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Ground-glass opacity (GGO) is a finding seen on chest x-ray (radiograph) or computed tomography (CT) imaging of the lungs. It is typically defined as an area of hazy opacification (x-ray) or increased attenuation (CT) due to air displacement by fluid, airway collapse, fibrosis, or a neoplastic process. [1]
Where present it is a strong diagnostic factor of ABPA and distinguishes symptoms from other causes of bronchiectasis. [11] CT scans may more rarely reveal mosaic-appearance attenuation, centrilobular lung nodules, tree-in-bud opacities, and pleuropulmonary fibrosis (a finding consistent with CPA, a disease with ABPA as a known precursor). [1]
Bronchiolitis obliterans results in worsening shortness of breath, wheezing, and a dry cough.The symptoms can start gradually, or severe symptoms can occur suddenly. [9] [10] These symptoms represent an obstructive pattern that is non-reversible with bronchodilator therapy, and need to be related to various lung insults. [11]
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis; Other names: Allergic alveolitis, bagpipe lung, extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) High magnification photomicrograph of a lung biopsy taken showing chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (), showing mild thickening of the walls of the small air sacs by invasion of white blood cells.
Since laboratory testing, imaging, and bronchoalveolar lavage results are often non-specific, guidelines recommend surgical biopsy to diagnose desquamative interstitial pneumonia if high-resolution computed tomography does not reveal classic signs of interstitial pneumonia. [17] A definitive diagnosis of DIP relies on a lung biopsy. [18]
Globally, tuberculosis is likely the most common infectious cause of lung cavities. [6] Less commonly, parasitic infections can cause cavities. [5] Viral infections almost never cause lung cavities; in a small study of immunocompromised patients with a lung infection, the presence of a cavity on CT scan essentially ruled out viral infection.
Like methadone, Suboxone blocks both the effects of heroin withdrawal and an addict’s craving and, if used properly, does it without causing intoxication. Unlike methadone, it can be prescribed by a certified family physician and taken at home, meaning a recovering addict can lead a normal life, without a daily early-morning commute to a clinic.
Further imaging depends on local protocols which is dependent on the hospital protocols, the availability of other imaging modalities and the preference of the image interpreter. In the UK, the standard chest radiography protocol is to take an erect posteroanterior view only and a lateral one only on request by a radiologist. [ 5 ]