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Empowerment is a key concept in the discourse on promoting civic engagement. Empowerment as a concept, which is characterized by a move away from a deficit-oriented towards a more strength-oriented perception, can increasingly be found in management concepts, as well as in the areas of continuing education and self-help. [citation needed]
Participative management (PM) is known by many names including shared leadership, employee empowerment, employee involvement, participative decision-making, dispersed leadership, open-book management, or industrial democracy". [4]
The United Nations defines community development as "a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems." [1] It is a broad concept, applied to the practices of civic leaders, activists, involved citizens, and professionals to improve various aspects of communities, typically aiming to build stronger and more resilient local ...
Participatory management may lead to individual empowerment; which in turn can lead to egotism / arrogance. Egotism / arrogance can result in problems for the supervisors and managers ; they can have problems delegating their employees, thus resulting in poor productivity.
Citizens rights include individual entitlements to economic and civic security, conditional and temporary group claims to portions of social capital, and destabilization rights, which would empower individuals or groups to disrupt organizations and practices marred by routines of subjugation that normal politics have failed to disrupt. [5]
In economic development theory, there is a school of participatory development.The desire to increase public participation in humanitarian aid and development has led to the establishment of a numerous context-specific, formal methodologies, matrices, pedagogies and ad hoc approaches.
Civic engagement is "a process in which people take collective action to address issues of public concern" and is "instrumental to democracy". [2] Underrepresentation of groups in the government causes issues faced by groups such as minority, low-income, and younger groups to be overlooked or ignored. In turn, issues for higher voting groups ...
There is a highly significant and positive relationship that exists between delegation and trust between an individual employee and management. [2] Leaders are able to empower subordinates through the sharing of supervisor power. [5] This leads to positive reinforcement of the supervisor's role, builds morale and generates organisation trust. [5]