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The boot loader is responsible for accessing the file system on the boot drive, starting ntoskrnl.exe, and loading boot-time device drivers into memory. Once all the boot and system drivers have been loaded, the kernel starts the session manager (smss.exe), which begins the login process.
Windows 11 running in safe mode. Microsoft Windows' safe mode (for 7/Vista [1] /XP [2] /2000/ME/98/95 [citation needed]) is accessed by pressing the F8 key as the operating system boots. [3] Also, in a multi-boot environment with multiple versions of Windows installed side by side, the F8 key can be pressed at the OS selector prompt to get to ...
The boot loader; performs basic system initialization options such as loading the hardware abstraction layer and boot-time device drivers, prior to passing control to the Windows kernel. In versions prior to Vista, NTLDR and IA64ldr also display menus to the user if multiple operating systems are defined in boot.ini, or if F8 is pressed.
In this example of dual booting, the user chooses by inserting or removing the DVD from the computer, but it is more common to choose which operating system to boot by selecting from a boot manager menu on the selected device, by using the computer keyboard to select from a BIOS or UEFI Boot Menu, or both; the Boot Menu is typically entered by ...
The upper part is accessible only from kernel mode, and with some exceptions, is instantiated just once, system-wide. ntoskrnl.exe is mapped into this region, as are several other kernel mode components. This region also contains data used by kernel mode code, such as the kernel mode heaps and the file system cache.
The most common way of implementing a user mode separate from kernel mode involves operating system protection rings. Protection rings, in turn, are implemented using CPU modes . Typically, kernel space programs run in kernel mode , also called supervisor mode ; normal applications in user space run in user mode.
[10] The reset vector for MIPS32 processors is at virtual address 0xBFC00000, [11] which is located in the last 4 Mbytes of the KSEG1 non-cacheable region of memory. [12] The core enters kernel mode both at reset and when an exception is recognized, hence able to map the virtual address to physical address. [13]
The Session Manager Subsystem is the first user-mode process started by the kernel. Once started it creates additional paging files with configuration data from HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management, [1] the environment variables located at the registry entry HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment, and DOS device mappings (e.g. CON ...