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  2. Hyperparathyroidism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperparathyroidism

    Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism are caused by inappropriately normal or elevated blood calcium excreted from the bones and flowing into the blood stream in response to increased production of parathyroid hormone. [1] In healthy people, when blood calcium levels are high, parathyroid hormone levels should be low.

  3. Hypoparathyroidism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoparathyroidism

    The main symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are the result of the low blood calcium level, which interferes with normal muscle contraction and nerve conduction.As a result, people with hypoparathyroidism can experience paresthesia, an unpleasant tingling sensation around the mouth and in the hands and feet, as well as muscle cramps and severe spasms known as "tetany" that affect the hands and feet ...

  4. Thyroid disease - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_disease

    The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), a hormone needed to maintain adequate amounts of calcium in the blood. Removal results in hypoparathyroidism and a need for supplemental calcium and vitamin D each day. In the event that the blood supply to any one of the parathyroid glands is endangered through surgery, the parathyroid ...

  5. Hypothyroidism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism

    Numerous symptoms and signs are associated with hypothyroidism and can be related to the underlying cause, or a direct effect of not having enough thyroid hormones. [15] [16] Hashimoto's thyroiditis may present with the mass effect of a goiter (enlarged thyroid gland). [15] In middle-aged women, the symptoms may be mistaken for those of ...

  6. Iodine deficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_deficiency

    Iodine deficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine, an essential nutrient in the diet. It may result in metabolic problems such as goiter , sometimes as an endemic goiter as well as congenital iodine deficiency syndrome due to untreated congenital hypothyroidism , which results in developmental delays and other health problems.

  7. Vitamin D - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D

    From amphibians onward, bone management is biodynamic, with bone functioning as internal calcium reservoir under the control of osteoclasts via the combined action of parathyroid hormone and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Thus, the vitamin D story started as inert molecule but gained an essential role for calcium and bone homeostasis in ...

  8. Disorders of calcium metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorders_of_calcium...

    Finally, pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism is paternally inherited. Patients display normal parathyroid hormone action in the kidney, but exhibit altered parathyroid hormone action in the bone. [1] Vitamin D related hypocalcemia may be associated with a lack of vitamin D in the diet, a lack of sufficient UV exposure, or disturbances in renal ...

  9. Hypocalcemia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcemia

    Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by low calcium levels in the blood serum. [5] The normal range of blood calcium is typically between 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L), while levels less than 2.1 mmol/L are defined as hypocalcemic.

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