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For example, plants growing in nitrogen-poor soils will use carbon-based defenses (mostly digestibility reducers), while those growing in low-carbon environments (such as shady conditions) are more likely to produce nitrogen-based toxins. The hypothesis further predicts that plants can change their defenses in response to changes in nutrients.
The toxins in poisonous plants affect herbivores, and deter them from consuming the plants. Plants cannot move to escape their predators, so they must have other means of protecting themselves from herbivorous animals. Some plants have physical defenses such as thorns, spines and prickles, but by far the most common type of protection is ...
Decomposition or rot is the process by which dead organic substances are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter such as carbon dioxide, water, simple sugars and mineral salts. The process is a part of the nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere.
Defense as in the bee, ant, termite, honey bee, wasp, poison dart frog and plants producing toxins. The toxins used as defense in species among the poison dart frog can also be used for medicinal purposes; Some of the more well known types of biotoxins include: Cyanotoxins, produced by cyanobacteria; Dinotoxins, produced by dinoflagellates
The introduction of new herbicides and pesticides only selects for insects that can ultimately avoid or utilize these chemicals over time. Adding toxin free plants to a population of transgenic plants, or genetically modified plants that produce their own insecticides, has been shown to minimize the rate of evolution in insects feeding on crop ...
Toxins: These can be non-host-specific, which damage all plants, or host-specific, which cause damage only on a host plant. Effector proteins : These can be secreted by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes [ 6 ] [ 7 ] into the extracellular environment or directly into the host cell, often via the Type three secretion system .
Action potentials in plants are carried out through a plants vascular network (particularly the phloem), [38] a network of tissues that connects all of the various plant organs, transporting signaling molecules throughout the plant. [37] Increasing the frequency of action potentials causes the phloem to become increasingly cross linked. [39]
In large concentrations, auxins are often toxic to plants; they are most toxic to dicots and less so to monocots. Because of this property, synthetic auxin herbicides including 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) have been developed and used for weed control by defoliation.