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A common belief of many authoritarian leaders is that followers require direct supervision at all times, or else they would not operate effectively. [6] This belief is in accordance with one of Douglas McGregor's philosophical views of humankind, Theory X. This concept proposes that it is a leader's role to coerce and control followers because ...
The other axis (authoritarian–libertarian) measures one's political opinions in a social sense, regarding the amount of personal freedom that one would allow. Libertarianism is defined as the belief that personal freedom should be maximised, while authoritarianism is defined as the belief that authority should be obeyed.
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Robert Anthony Altemeyer (6 June 1940 – 7 February 2024) was a Canadian psychologist who was Professor of Psychology at the University of Manitoba. [1] [2] Altemeyer also produced the right-wing authoritarianism scale, or RWA Scale, [3] as well as the related left-wing authoritarianism scale, or LWA Scale.
The California F-scale is a 1947 personality test, designed by German Theodor W. Adorno and others to measure the "authoritarian personality". [1] The "F" stands for "fascist". The F-scale measures responses on several different components of authoritarianism, such as conventionalism, authoritarian aggression, superstition and stereotypy, power ...
Throughout history, authoritarian leaders have adopted different policies towards religion, from state atheism to drawing support from religion or co-opting religious leaders and institutions. [7] As part of civil society, organized religion serves as a mediator between the state and citizens, even under authoritarian governments. [8]
A discussion class at Shimer College, a democratic college in Chicago. Democratic education is a type of formal education that is organized democratically, so that students can manage their own learning and participate in the governance of their educational environment.