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Transformer architecture is now used in many generative models that contribute to the ongoing AI boom. In language modelling, ELMo (2018) was a bi-directional LSTM that produces contextualized word embeddings, improving upon the line of research from bag of words and word2vec. It was followed by BERT (2018), an encoder-only Transformer model. [35]
This was optimized into the transformer architecture, published by Google researchers in Attention Is All You Need (2017). [27] That development led to the emergence of large language models such as BERT (2018) [28] which was a pre-trained transformer (PT) but not designed to be generative (BERT was an "encoder-only" model).
High-level schematic diagram of BERT. It takes in a text, tokenizes it into a sequence of tokens, add in optional special tokens, and apply a Transformer encoder. The hidden states of the last layer can then be used as contextual word embeddings. BERT is an "encoder-only" transformer architecture. At a high level, BERT consists of 4 modules:
T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer) is a series of large language models developed by Google AI introduced in 2019. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Like the original Transformer model, [ 3 ] T5 models are encoder-decoder Transformers , where the encoder processes the input text, and the decoder generates the output text.
Transformer architecture is now used in many generative models that contribute to the ongoing AI boom. In language modelling, ELMo (2018) was a bi-directional LSTM that produces contextualized word embeddings, improving upon the line of research from bag of words and word2vec. It was followed by BERT (2018), an encoder-only Transformer model. [33]
A vision transformer (ViT) is a transformer designed for computer vision. [1] A ViT decomposes an input image into a series of patches (rather than text into tokens ), serializes each patch into a vector, and maps it to a smaller dimension with a single matrix multiplication .
Mamba [a] is a deep learning architecture focused on sequence modeling. It was developed by researchers from Carnegie Mellon University and Princeton University to address some limitations of transformer models, especially in processing long sequences. It is based on the Structured State Space sequence (S4) model. [2] [3] [4]
Other than language models, Vision MoE [33] is a Transformer model with MoE layers. They demonstrated it by training a model with 15 billion parameters. MoE Transformer has also been applied for diffusion models. [34] A series of large language models from Google used MoE. GShard [35] uses MoE with up to top-2 experts per layer. Specifically ...