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Glucokinase in beta cells serves as a glucose sensor, amplifying insulin secretion as blood glucose rises. In the pancreatic beta-cell, glucokinase is a key regulator enzyme. Glucokinase is very important in the regulation of insulin secretion and has been known as the pancreatic beta-cell sensor.
Production and secretion are largely independent; prepared insulin is stored awaiting secretion. Both C-peptide and mature insulin are biologically active. Cell components and proteins in this image are not to scale. Insulin is synthesized as an inactive precursor molecule, a 110 amino acid-long protein called "preproinsulin".
The influx of Ca 2+ ions causes the secretion of insulin stored in vesicles through the cell membrane. The process of insulin secretion is an example of a trigger mechanism in a signal transduction pathway because insulin is secreted after glucose enters the beta cell and that triggers several other processes in a chain reaction.
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), also known as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones. [5] While it is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, its main role, being an incretin, is to stimulate insulin secretion.
Inhibition of the DPP-4 enzyme prolongs and enhances the activity of incretins that play an important role in insulin secretion and blood glucose control regulation. [1] Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that results from inability of the β-cells in the pancreas to secrete sufficient amounts of insulin to meet the body's ...
Additionally, GLP-1 ensures the β cell insulin stores are replenished to prevent exhaustion during secretion by promoting insulin gene transcription, mRNA stability and biosynthesis. [ 2 ] [ 12 ] GLP-1 evidently also increases [ 13 ] β cell mass by promoting proliferation and neogenesis while inhibiting apoptosis .
The triggering pathway of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In beta cells, insulin release is stimulated primarily by glucose present in the blood. [4] As circulating glucose levels rise such as after ingesting a meal, insulin is secreted in a dose-dependent fashion. [4] This system of release is commonly referred to as glucose-stimulated ...
Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin ...