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Though pits are usually simple and complementary, a few more pit variations can be formed: [5] [6] Simple pits: A pit pair in which the diameter of the pit chamber and the diameter of the pit aperture are equal. Bordered pits: A pit pair in which the pit chamber is over-arched by the cell wall, creating a larger pit chamber and smaller pit ...
A typical plant cell may have between 1,000 and 100,000 plasmodesmata connecting it with adjacent cells [11] equating to between 1 and 10 per μm 2. [ 12 ] [ failed verification ] Plasmodesmata are approximately 50–60 nm in diameter at the midpoint and are constructed of three main layers, the plasma membrane , the cytoplasmic sleeve , and ...
Cell junctions are also especially important in enabling communication between neighboring cells via specialized protein complexes called communicating (gap) junctions. Cell junctions are also important in reducing stress placed upon cells. In plants, similar communication channels are known as plasmodesmata, and in fungi they are called septal ...
Thus pit connections are visible in the youngest of septa, widening as the septum thickens, until in some cases they may ultimately occupy the entire septum. [4] Secondary connections, by contrast, occur between unrelated cells, and serve a role in transferring cell contents and nutrients. [ 2 ]
Cells interact though plasmodesmata, which are inter-connecting channels of cytoplasm that connect to the protoplasts of adjacent cells across the cell wall. In some plants and cell types, after a maximum size or point in development has been reached, a secondary wall is constructed between the plasma membrane and primary wall. [26]
Parenchyma is a versatile ground tissue that generally constitutes the "filler" tissue in soft parts of plants. It forms, among other things, the cortex (outer region) and pith (central region) of stems, the cortex of roots, the mesophyll of leaves, the pulp of fruits, and the endosperm of seeds.
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For example, slime molds have a vegetative, multinucleate life stage called a plasmodium. [ 1 ] Multinucleate cells, depending on the mechanism by which they are formed, can be divided into [ 2 ] [ 3 ] " syncytia " (formed by cell fusion ) or " coenocytes " (formed by nuclear division not being followed by cytokinesis ).