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Sand filter used for water treatment. Sand filters are used as a step in the water treatment process of water purification. There are three main types; rapid (gravity) sand filters, upward flow sand filters and slow sand filters. All three methods are used extensively in the water industry throughout the world.
Slow sand filter. Slow sand filters are used in water purification for treating raw water to produce a potable product. They are typically 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) deep, can be rectangular or cylindrical in cross section and are used primarily to treat surface water.
Rapid sand filters were first developed in the 1890s, and improved designs were developed by the 1920s. [2] The first modern rapid sand filtration plant was designed and built by George W. Fuller in Little Falls, New Jersey. [3]
Slow "artificial" filtration (a variation of bank filtration) into the ground at the Water purification plant Káraný, Czech Republic A profile of layers of gravel, sand and fine sand used in a slow sand filter plant. Slow sand filters may be used where there is sufficient land and space, as the water flows very slowly through the filters ...
The slow sand filtration system at McMillan was replaced with a rapid sand filtration system, built adjacent to the old system, in 1985. [2]: 124–125 In 1986, the Army Corps of Engineers decommissioned the slow sand filtration site and declared it surplus. The old treatment site was purchased by the District of Columbia from the federal ...
Filtration is also used to describe biological and physical systems that not only separate solids from a fluid stream but also remove chemical species and biological organisms by entrainment, phagocytosis, adsorption and absorption. Examples include slow sand filters and trickling filters. It is also used as a general term for macrophage in ...
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