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The septal nuclei are essential in generating the theta rhythm of the hippocampus. The septal area (medial olfactory area) has no relation to the sense of smell, but it is considered a pleasure zone in animals. The septal nuclei play a role in reward and reinforcement along with the nucleus accumbens.
Its projecting pathways include the medial septal nucleus and supramammillary nucleus. [31] The dorsal hippocampus also has more place cells than both the ventral and intermediate hippocampal regions. [32] The intermediate hippocampus has overlapping characteristics with both the ventral and dorsal hippocampus. [30]
The critical septal region includes the medial septal nucleus and the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca. The lateral septal nucleus, a major recipient of hippocampal output, probably does not play an essential role in generating theta.
The medial septal nucleus (MS) is one of the septal nuclei. Neurons in this nucleus give rise to the bulk of efferents from the septal nuclei. A major projection from the medial septal nucleus terminates in the hippocampal formation. [1] It plays a role in the generation of theta waves in the hippocampus. [2]
Fibers that cover the temporal parts of hippocampus make a fiber bundle that is called fimbria. Going from temporal to septal (dorsal) parts of hippocampus fimbria collects more and more hippocampal and subicular outputs and becomes thicker. In the midline and under the corpus callosum, these fibers form the fornix.
Along with the septum pellucidum and medial septal nucleus, the diagonal band of Broca is believed to be involved in the generation of theta waves in the hippocampus. [4] It also inhibits magnocellular neurosecretory cells via GABA interneurons. [5] Its behavior can be altered by nerve growth factor. [6]
The fornix is the conduit by which the neurotransmitter acetylcholine – which is crucial for memory encoding – is sent from the medial septum/Diagonal band of Broca to the hippocampus. [7] In addition, the GABA-producing neurons in the septal nuclei generate theta rhythms which are transmitted through the fornix to the hippocampus.
Median raphe nucleus (cell groups B5, B8) Septal nuclei; Ventral tegmental area; Hypothalamus; Midline thalamic Nuclei; Hippocampus; Cerebral cortex; Projections into the hippocampus are the most dense in the subiculum, followed by Ammon's horn and the Dentate gyrus. Projections into the VTA modulate firing rate, increasing the rate with lower ...