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In labour economics, Shapiro–Stiglitz theory of efficiency wages (or Shapiro–Stiglitz efficiency wage model) [1] is an economic theory of wages and unemployment in labour market equilibrium. It provides a technical description of why wages are unlikely to fall and how involuntary unemployment appears.
As a result of Keynes's choice of units, the assumption of sticky wages, though important to the argument, is largely invisible in the reasoning. If we want to know how a change in the wage rate would influence the economy, Keynes tells us on p. 266 that the effect is the same as that of an opposite change in the money supply.
Demand deficient unemployment (also known as cyclical unemployment) – Any level of unemployment beyond the natural rate caused by the failure of markets to clear, generally due to insufficient aggregate demand in the economy. During a recession, demand is deficient, causing the underutilisation of inputs (including labour).
V. Individual Supply of Labour [including variations in wages from efficiency of labour and effect of wage rates on labour supply] VI. Distribution and Economic Progress [on absolute and relative shares of labour in social income as influenced by elasticity of substitution, an increase in the supply of one factor of production, and invention].
While a weak productivity influences a low wage growth, identified a long-term factor, a short-term problem for low wage growth is often identified as the spare capacity in the Labour Market. [4] By the lower unemployment rate given by the more opportunities from the spare capacity in the labour market creates less competitiveness among the ...
Among other applications, it has been used as a framework for studying frictional unemployment. One of the founders of search and matching theory is Dale T. Mortensen of Northwestern University. A textbook treatment of the matching approach to labor markets is Christopher A. Pissarides' book Equilibrium Unemployment Theory. [1]
This results in a market failure, meaning that the wage is not being set according to the labor market's needs or preferences. A behavior of the insider-outsider model is illustrated at right, where Nd represents the optimal level of employment of labor firms and Ns represents the quantity of labor time workers desire to supply at a given wage ...
The wage curve [1] is the negative relationship between the levels of unemployment and wages that arises when these variables are expressed in local terms. According to David Blanchflower and Andrew Oswald (1994, p. 5), the wage curve summarizes the fact that "A worker who is employed in an area of high unemployment earns less than an identical individual who works in a region with low ...