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Disc herniation can occur in any disc in the spine, but the two most common forms are lumbar disc herniation and cervical disc herniation. The former is the most common, causing low back pain (lumbago) and often leg pain as well, in which case it is commonly referred to as sciatica .
Jensen and colleagues, in an MRI study of the lumbar spine in 98 asymptomatic adults, found that in more than half, there was a symmetrical extension of a disc (or discs) beyond the margins of the interspace (bulging). In 27 percent, there was a focal or asymmetrical extension of the disc beyond the margin of the interspace (protrusion), and in ...
Lumbar disc disease is the drying out of the spongy interior matrix of an intervertebral disc in the spine. Many physicians and patients use the term lumbar disc disease to encompass several different causes of back pain or sciatica. In this article, the term is used to describe a lumbar herniated disc.
Modic changes are a non-specific pathoanatomical marker observed on an MRI scan. For example, high blood pressure or high body temperature can be markers of several diseases. In 2008 the first hypothesis suggesting three possible pathogenetic reasons for Modic changes was published, a bacterial, a mechanical, and a rheumatological cause.
Magnetic resonance myelography (MR myelography or MRI myelography) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that can provide anatomic information about the subarachnoid space. It is a type of MRI examination that uses a contrast medium and magnetic resonance imaging scanner to detect pathology of the spinal cord , including the location of a ...
Lumbar provocative discography (also referred to as "discography" or discogram) is an invasive diagnostic procedure for evaluation for intervertebral disc pathology. It is usually reserved for persons with persistent, severe low back pain (LBP) who have abnormal spaces between vertebrae on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), where other diagnostic tests have failed to reveal clear confirmation ...
This classification describes how far away from mid-line a disc protrusion is using a grade of A, B, or C. [7] Grade A describes a herniation at midline. Grade C herniations are the most lateral and protrude into the intervertebral foramen (through which spinal nerves travel).
Imaging modalities such as computerised tomography or magnetic resonance imaging can help with the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation. [40] Both are equally effective at diagnosing lumbar disk herniation, but computerized tomography has a higher radiation dose. [6] Radiography is not recommended because disks cannot be visualized by X-rays. [6]
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