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Additional educational resources developed for the public include an antimicrobial stewardship curriculum tailored for high school students, materials related to the annual U.S. and World Antibiotic Awareness Week, and informational handouts addressing the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines.
In 1997, SHEA and the Infectious Diseases Society of America published guidelines to prevent antimicrobial resistance arguing that "…appropriate antimicrobial stewardship, that includes optimal selection, dose, and duration of treatment, as well as control of antibiotic use, will prevent or slow the emergence of resistance among microorganisms."
There was a marked rise in the consumption of antibiotics in the Watch category, while usage of certain antibiotics remained consistently high. These findings emphasized the imperative for vigilant antimicrobial stewardship to address evolving prescribing trends and combat resistance, thereby safeguarding patient health. [7]
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics have low propensity to induce bacterial resistance and are less likely to disrupt the microbiome (normal microflora). [3] On the other hand, indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics may not only induce the development of bacterial resistance and promote the emergency of multidrug-resistant organisms, but also cause off-target effects due to dysbiosis.
Antibiotics have been around since 1928 when penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming. In the 1980s, antibiotics that were determined medically important for treatment of animals could be approved under veterinary oversight. In 1996, the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) was established. [2]
Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to at least one antimicrobial drug in three or more antimicrobial categories. [1] Antimicrobial categories are classifications of antimicrobial agents based on their mode of action and specific to target ...
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Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics is the relationship between the concentration of an antibiotic and its ability to inhibit vital processes of endo- or ectoparasites and microbial organisms. [1] This branch of pharmacodynamics relates the concentration of an anti-infective agent to its effect, specifically to its antimicrobial effect.