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Eutrophication is a general term describing a process in which nutrients accumulate in a body of water, resulting in an increased growth of organism that may deplete the oxygen in the water. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Eutrophication may occur naturally or as a result of human actions.
Another important environmental issue concerning denitrification is the fact that the process tends to produce large amounts of by-products. Examples of by-products are nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). NO is an ozone depleting species and N 2 O is a potent greenhouse gas which can contribute to global warming. [3]
The preferred nitrogen electron acceptors in order of most to least thermodynamically favorable include nitrate (NO 3 −), nitrite (NO 2 −), nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) finally resulting in the production of dinitrogen (N 2) completing the nitrogen cycle.
Many species of nitrifying bacteria have complex internal membrane systems that are the location for key enzymes in nitrification: ammonia monooxygenase (which oxidizes ammonia to hydroxylamine), hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (which oxidizes hydroxylamine to nitric oxide - which is further oxidized to nitrite by a currently unidentified enzyme ...
Sewage treatment plants mix these organisms as activated sludge or circulate water past organisms living on trickling filters or rotating biological contactors. [5] Aquatic vegetation may provide similar surface habitat for purifying bacteria, protozoa, and rotifers in a pond or marsh setting; although water circulation is often less effective.
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Nitrates and nitrites extend shelf life, [citation needed] help kill bacteria, produce a characteristic flavor and give meat a pink or red color. [16] Nitrite (NO − 2) is generally supplied by sodium nitrite or (indirectly) by potassium nitrate. Nitrite salts are most often used to accelerate curing and impart a pink colour. [17]
Nitrogen cycle. Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via the intermediary nitrite.Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil.The process of complete nitrification may occur through separate organisms [1] or entirely within one organism, as in comammox bacteria.