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Perinephritis is an infection of the surroundings of the kidney either right or left. It can be the result of extravasated infiltration of the bacteria out of the renal pelvis ( pyelonephritis ) or a result of another kidney infection.
Pyelonephritis affects about 1 to 2 per 1,000 women each year and just under 0.5 per 1,000 males. [ 5 ] [ 7 ] Young adult females are most often affected, followed by the very young and old. [ 2 ] With treatment, outcomes are generally good in young adults.
A renal diet is a diet aimed at keeping levels of fluids, electrolytes, and minerals balanced in the body in individuals with chronic kidney disease or who are on dialysis. Dietary changes may include the restriction of fluid intake, protein , and electrolytes including sodium , phosphorus , and potassium . [ 1 ]
The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a system of nutrition recommendations from the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) [a] of the National Academies (United States). [1] It was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing guidelines known as Recommended Dietary Allowances ( RDA s, see below).
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A desire to lose weight is a common motivation to change dietary habits, as is a desire to maintain an existing weight. Many weight loss diets are considered by some to entail varying degrees of health risk, and some are not widely considered to be effective.
An analysis of dietary guidelines found that this recommendation for restriction of salt intake is not supported by evidence from randomized controlled trials nor is it supported by evidence from prospective observational studies. The authors of this analysis suggest a redesign of the dietary guidelines for salt intake is needed. [36]
A fluid-restrictive diet assists in preventing the build-up of fluids in the body. Reducing fluid intake can alleviate stress on the body and may reduce additional complications. A fluid restriction diet is generally medically advised for patients with "heart problems, renal disease, liver damage including cirrhosis , endocrine and adrenal ...