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  2. Cardiac muscle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_muscle

    The heart wall is a three-layered structure with a thick layer of myocardium sandwiched between the inner endocardium and the outer epicardium (also known as the visceral pericardium). The inner endocardium lines the cardiac chambers, covers the cardiac valves , and joins with the endothelium that lines the blood vessels that connect to the heart.

  3. Heart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart

    The endocardium, by secreting endothelins, may also play a role in regulating the contraction of the myocardium. [8] The swirling pattern of myocardium helps the heart pump effectively. The middle layer of the heart wall is the myocardium, which is the cardiac muscle—a layer of involuntary striated muscle tissue surrounded by a framework of ...

  4. Endocardium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocardium

    Illustration depicting the layers of the heart wall including the innermost endocardium. The endocardium (pl.: endocardia) is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart. Its cells are embryologically and biologically similar to the endothelial cells that line blood vessels. The endocardium also provides protection to the ...

  5. Cardiac skeleton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_skeleton

    Simply put, the dense connective tissue within the cardiac skeleton does not conduct electricity and its deposition within the myocardial matrix is not accidental. The anchored and electrically inert collagen framework of the four valves allows normal anatomy to house the atrioventricular node (AV node) in its center.

  6. Anatomy of the human heart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_human_heart

    The heart is a muscular organ situated in the mediastinum.It consists of four chambers, four valves, two main arteries (the coronary arteries), and the conduction system. The left and right sides of the heart have different functions: the right side receives de-oxygenated blood through the superior and inferior venae cavae and pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, and the left ...

  7. Cardiac conduction system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_conduction_system

    Contraction that squeezes blood towards the exit is more efficient than a simple squeeze from all directions. Although the ventricular stimulus originates from the AV node in the wall separating the atria and ventricles, the Bundle of His conducts the signal to the apex. Depolarization propagates through cardiac muscle very rapidly.

  8. Arterial stiffness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_stiffness

    Increased arterial stiffness is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, heart failure, and stroke. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The World Health Organization identified cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death globally in 2019.

  9. Right ventricular hypertrophy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventricular_hypertrophy

    Echocardiography can be used to directly visualise right ventricular wall thickness. The preferred technique is the trans-oesophageal approach giving a view of 4 chambers. The normal thickness of a right ventricular free wall ranges from 2-5 millimetres, with a value above 5 mm considered to be hypertrophic. [10]

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